- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- OPTIONS
- UNDERSTANDING A SEMAPHORE
- EXAMPLE: Gzipping *.log
- EXAMPLE: Protecting pod2html from itself
- BUGS
- REPORTING BUGS
- AUTHOR
- LICENSE
  - Documentation license I
  - Documentation license II
- DEPENDENCIES
- SEE ALSO

# NAME

sem - semaphore for executing shell command lines in parallel

# SYNOPSIS

sem [--fg] [--id <id>] [--semaphore-timeout <secs>] [-j <num>] [--wait] command

# DESCRIPTION

GNU sem is an alias for GNU parallel --semaphore.

GNU sem acts as a counting semaphore. When GNU sem is called with command it starts the command in the background. When num number of commands are running in the background, GNU sem waits for one of these to complete before starting the command.

GNU sem does not read any arguments to build the command (no -a, :::, and ::::). It simply waits for a semaphore to become available and then runs the command given.

Before looking at the options you may want to check out the examples after the list of options. That will give you an idea of what GNU sem is capable of.

# OPTIONS

command

  Command to execute. The command may be followed by arguments for the command.

--bg

  Run command in background thus GNU sem will not wait for completion of the command before exiting. This is the default.

  In toilet analogy: GNU sem waits for a toilet to be available, gives the toilet to a person, and exits immediately.

  See also: --fg

--jobs N
-j N
--max-procs N
-P N

  Run up to N commands in parallel. Default is 1 thus acting like a mutex.

  In toilet analogy: -j is the number of toilets.

--jobs +N
-j +N
--max-procs +N
-P +N

  Add N to the number of CPU cores. Run up to this many jobs in parallel. For compute intensive jobs -j +0 is useful as it will run number-of-cpu-cores jobs simultaneously.

--jobs -N
-j -N
--max-procs -N
-P -N

  Subtract N from the number of CPU cores. Run up to this many jobs in parallel. If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used. See also --use-cpus-instead-of-cores.

--jobs N%
-j N%
--max-procs N%
-P N%

  Multiply N% with the number of CPU cores. Run up to this many jobs in parallel. If the evaluated number is less than 1 then 1 will be used. See also --use-cpus-instead-of-cores.

--jobs procfile
-j procfile
--max-procs procfile
-P procfile

  Read parameter from file. Use the content of procfile as parameter for -j. E.g. procfile could contain the string 100% or +2 or 10.

--pipe

  Pass stdin (standard input) to command.

  If command read from stdin (standard input), use --pipe.

--semaphore-name name
--id name

  Use name as the name of the semaphore. Default is the name of the controlling tty (output from tty).

  The default normally works as expected when used interactively, but when used in a script name should be set. $$ or my_task_name are often a good value.

  The semaphore is stored in ~/.parallel/semaphores/

  In toilet analogy the name corresponds to different types of toilets: e.g. male, female, customer, staff.

--fg

  Do not put command in background.

  In toilet analogy: GNU sem waits for a toilet to be available, takes a person to the toilet, waits for the person to finish, and exits.

--semaphore-timeout secs
--st secs

  If secs > 0: If the semaphore is not released within secs seconds, take it anyway.

  If secs < 0: If the semaphore is not released within secs seconds, exit.

  In toilet analogy: secs > 0: If no toilet becomes available within secs seconds, pee on the floor. secs < 0: If no toilet becomes available within secs seconds, exit without doing anything.

--wait

  Wait for all commands to complete.

  In toilet analogy: Wait until all toilets are empty, then exit.

# UNDERSTANDING A SEMAPHORE

Try the following example:

    sem -j 2 'sleep 1;echo 1 finished';   echo sem 1 exited
    sem -j 2 'sleep 2;echo 2 finished';   echo sem 2 exited
    sem -j 2 'sleep 3;echo 3 finished';   echo sem 3 exited
    sem -j 2 'sleep 4;echo 4 finished';   echo sem 4 exited
    sem --wait; echo sem --wait done

In toilet analogy this uses 2 toilets (-j 2). GNU sem takes '1' to a toilet, and exits immediately. While '1' is sleeping, another GNU sem takes '2' to a toilet, and exits immediately.

While '1' and '2' are sleeping, another GNU sem waits for a free toilet. When '1' finishes, a toilet becomes available, and this GNU sem stops waiting, and takes '3' to a toilet, and exits immediately.

While '2' and '3' are sleeping, another GNU sem waits for a free toilet. When '2' finishes, a toilet becomes available, and this GNU sem stops waiting, and takes '4' to a toilet, and exits immediately.

Finally another GNU sem waits for all toilets to become free.

# EXAMPLE: Gzipping *.log

Run one gzip process per CPU core. Block until a CPU core becomes available.

    for i in *.log ; do
      echo $i
      sem -j+0 gzip $i ";" echo done
    done
    sem --wait

# EXAMPLE: Protecting pod2html from itself

pod2html creates two files: pod2htmd.tmp and pod2htmi.tmp which it does not clean up. It uses these two files for a short time. But if you run multiple pod2html in parallel (e.g. in a Makefile with make -j) there is a risk that two different instances of pod2html will write to the files at the same time:

    # This may fail due to shared pod2htmd.tmp/pod2htmi.tmp files
    foo.html:
            pod2html foo.pod --outfile foo.html

    bar.html:
            pod2html bar.pod --outfile bar.html

    $ make -j foo.html bar.html

You need to protect pod2html from running twice at the same time. sem running as a mutex will make sure only one runs:

    foo.html:
            sem --id pod2html pod2html foo.pod --outfile foo.html

    bar.html:
            sem --id pod2html pod2html bar.pod --outfile bar.html

    clean: foo.html bar.html
            sem --id pod2html --wait
            rm -f pod2htmd.tmp pod2htmi.tmp

    $ make -j foo.html bar.html clean

# BUGS

None known.

# REPORTING BUGS

Report bugs to <bug-parallel@gnu.org>.

# AUTHOR

Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk and Free Software Foundation, Inc.

# LICENSE

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or at your option any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

## Documentation license I

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentation under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the file LICENSES/GFDL-1.3-or-later.txt.

## Documentation license II

You are free:

to Share

  to copy, distribute and transmit the work

to Remix

  to adapt the work

Under the following conditions:

Attribution

  You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).

Share Alike

  If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible license.

With the understanding that:

Waiver

  Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.

Public Domain

  Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.

Other Rights

  In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license:

  - Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable copyright exceptions and limitations;

  - The author's moral rights;

  - Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights.

Notice

  For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.

A copy of the full license is included in the file as LICENCES/CC-BY-SA-4.0.txt

# DEPENDENCIES

GNU sem uses Perl, and the Perl modules Getopt::Long, Symbol, Fcntl.

# SEE ALSO

parallel(1)